en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_radio-frequency_weapons

High-energy radio-frequency weapons

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

HERF or High Energy Radio Frequency weapons, also known as HPRF or High Power Radio Frequency weapons are weapons designed to use high intensity radio waves to disrupt electronics. They operate in a similar way to EMP devices, by inducing destructive voltage within the electronic wiring. They are usually directional and can be focused on a specific target.

Another key technology to consider when attempting to define HERF or HPRF weaponry is that of ENMOD, or Environmental Modification. This incorporates atmospheric plasmas artificially inserted in the atmosphere by the spraying of plumes of various particulates, as mentioned by Bernard Eastlund in the HAARP Patent #4,686,605. These various plasmas amount to a macro-conditioning of the Atmosphere, and the energizing or charging of these macro-systems takes place via tectonic energies, macro-solar power generation, or antennnae broadcast energies, such as this example:

United States Patent 5,041,834

Koert August 20, 1991

Artificial ionospheric mirror composed of a plasma layer which can be tilted...

and this:

Gallinium saturated Ionispheric inversion tendencies, when exposed to pulsating long wave IR radiation, creates a plasma layer which can be more than just tilted, it can move on 5 axis each independent of the next. with an area of influence with a radius equaling the inverse cube of the IR radiation in megawatts...

As to Tectonic Energys we should just take into consideration the fact that the undersea earthquake on December 26th 2004 which caused the infamous Tsunami in Indonesia, had roughly the same power as 23000 (thousand) Atomic Bombs Like that used on Hiroshima. We can easily see the energies involved in ENMOD, and the subsequent directional capabilities of just the unclassified technology, make cause for wonder concerning crowd control weaponry, and mass mental coercion from macro-directed energy weapons of High power, including but not limited to laser, microwave, ionising radiations of all types, in magnitudes hitherto unthought of.

There are four basic types of HERF/HPRF weapons, classed by the way they are mobilized against citizens. There are hand-held devices, deployed through secret societys and religious personnel during the bush administration, there are jet-drone and aircraft (cessna) fly-over types, also distrubuted to civilian personnel through secret society type channels, as well as law enforcement and the military; there are satellite based high-powered DEW (Directed Energy Weapons), and there are ENMOD deployed HERF weaponry, as mentioned above, utilizing sprayed plasmas and active auroras in top secret control technologies of the foreign government which has taken over Americas Government and Currency.

Some symptoms of directed energy attacks: Joint pain, intermittent and abnormal. Back pain from inflamed discs. Severe tightening and damage to tendons. Confusion and distraction--forgetfulness, intermittent and abnormal. Unexplainable anger, disruption of thought from unexplainable anxiety. Many of the DEW cause gastro-intestinal distress, one being affectionately termed the COLON POW by its military adherents. Tectonic weaponry employs ultrasound which can stop the heart, or other organs, and cause excessive freezing temperatures in tightly restricted areas, like a home, or stationary vehicle. There are many other DEW symptoms, and it is well known among the enemy deploying them against Americans that the effects are cumulative, so it is quite easy to make a person die of what appears to be natural causes, but in fact is long term over-exposure to DEW.

Faraday cages may be used to provide protection from some HERF and EMP effects. '''

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External links

* Homemade HERFs and Terrorism

* CyberSecurity '04

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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_radio-frequency_weapons"

Categories: Energy weapons | Weapon stubs

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon

Directed-energy weapon

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Jump to: navigation, search

A directed-energy weapon is a type of energy weapon that directs energy in a particular direction by a means other than a projectile. It transfers energy to a target for a desired effect. Some of these weapons are real or practicable; some are science fiction. The energy is in various forms:-

* Electromagnetic radiation (typically lasers or masers).

* Particles with mass (particle beam weapons).

* In fictional weapons, undefined, or some sort of radiation or energetic particle that does not exist in the real world.

See energy weapon for non-directional energy weapons.

Some of these weapons are known as death rays or rayguns and are usually portrayed as projecting energy at a person or object in order to kill or destroy. The projected energy can come in many forms, such as a particle beam, laser, or radiation stream. Other forms are described later in this article. So far, weapons described as rayguns are all fictional (or non-functional toys and film props).

Some lethal directed-energy weapons are under active research and development, but most examples of such weapons appear in science fiction.

Types of directed-energy weapons are:-

Contents [hide]

1 Ordinary light

2 Lasers

2.1 Problems with lasers

2.1.1 Blooming

2.1.2 Evaporated target material shading the target

2.1.3 High power consumption

2.2 Electrolaser

2.3 Microwave lasers

2.4 Low-powered lasers

2.5 THEL

2.6 Airborne Laser

2.7 Ultraviolet laser

2.8 Tactical considerations

3 Electric beam in a vacuum

4 Particle beam weapons

5 Plasma weapons

6 Pulse rifle

7 Sonic and ultrasonic beam weapons

8 Rayguns: directed-energy weapons in fiction

9 History

9.1 Mythology

9.2 Ancient inventors

9.3 Grindell-Matthews

9.4 Tesla

9.5 Nazis

9.6 Star Wars

9.7 THEL

10 Energy devices which may be confused with directed-energy weapons

11 External links

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Ordinary light

* A flashlight directs light in the visible spectrum but it operates at such low power as to be generally harmless.

* Some searchlights are bright enough to cause permanent or temporary blindness.

* There is said to exist a real non-lethal weapon that disorients a target by shooting disorienting lighting patterns at the eyes.

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Lasers

Lasers are very well known in science fiction as a type of raygun. In the real world, lasers are often used for sighting, ranging and targeting for guns; but the laser beam is not the source of the weapon's firepower.

There is research on real lasers as dazzling non-lethal weapons.

Laser weapons usually generate brief high-energy pulses. A million joules delivered as a laser pulse is roughly the same energy as 200g of high explosive, and has the same basic effect on a target. The primary damage mechanism is mechanical shear, caused by reaction (like a rocket) when the surface of the target is explosively evaporated.

Most existing weaponized lasers are gas dynamic lasers. Fuel, or a powerful turbine, pushes the lasing media through a circuit or series of orifices. The high-pressures and heating cause the medium to form a plasma and lase. A big difficulty with these systems is preserving the high-precision mirrors and windows of the laser resonating cavity. Most systems use a low-powered "oscillator" laser to generate a coherent wave, and then amplify it. Some experimental laser amplifiers do not use windows or mirrors, but have open orifices, which cannot be destroyed by high energies.

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Problems with lasers

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Blooming

Laser beams begin to cause plasma breakdown in air at power densities of around a mega joule per square centimeter. The laser beam is not visible, unless there is air, water or smoke present to scatter its light, or the heating of the air by the laser creates a path, or contrail, made of plasma. A laser beam can be effectively transmitted through the atmosphere a long distance without being absorbed because the air heated by the laser in the path of the beam becomes ionized plasma which undergoes thermodynamic expansion. This creates a plasma vacuum channel through the air that the beam passes through. In addition, some frequencies of laser light are not easily absorbed by air.

There are several ways to inhibit blooming:

* The most promising is to distribute the beam over a large mirror that focuses the power on the target, to keep energy density in the air too low for blooming to happen. But this needs a large, very precise, very expensive, fragile mirror, mounted somewhat like a searchlight, requiring bulky machinery to slew the mirror to aim the laser.

* A phased array. For the usual laser wavelengths this method would need billions of micrometre-size antennas, and no way to make these is known. Phased arrays could theoretically also perform phase-conjugate amplification (see below).

* A very short pulse that finishes before blooming interferes.

* A phase-conjugate laser system. Here, a "finder" or "guide" laser illuminates the target. Any mirror-like ("specular") points on the target reflect light that is sensed by the weapon's primary amplifier. The weapon-power amplifier then amplifies inverted waves in a positive feedback loop, destroying the target with shockwaves as the specular regions evaporate. This avoids the blooming problem because the waves from the target passed through the blooming, and therefore show the most conductive optical path; this automatically corrects for the distortions caused by blooming. Experimental systems using this method usually use special chemicals to form a "phase conjugate mirror". In most systems, the mirror overheats dramatically at weaponized powers.

* Trying to induce a shockwave that evacuates the path between the target and the weapon. Without air in the laser's path, blooming will not occur. However, it is difficult to achieve the amount of power needed to blast the air out of the way.

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Evaporated target material shading the target

Another problem with weaponized lasers is that the evaporated material from the surface of the target begins to shade the surface. There are several approaches to this problem:

* One is to induce a standing shockwave in the ablation cloud. The shockwave then continues to perform damage.

* Another scheme is to scan the target faster than the shockwave.

* Another theoretical possibility is to induce plasmic optical mixing at the target. In this scheme, the transparency of the target's ablation cloud to one laser is modulated by another laser, perhaps by tuning the laser to the absorption spectra of the ablation cloud, and inducing population inversion in the cloud. The other laser then induces local lasing in the ablation cloud. The beat frequency that results can induce frequencies that penetrate the ablation cloud.

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High power consumption

The major drawback of lasers is their high power consumption, limited range especially in inclement weather, and high production cost. Their future use in non-lethal weapon systems seems limited due to the generally perceived cruel nature of victim incapacitation. Despite this, hybrid technologies such as the electrolaser continue to see development, by companies such as Ionatron and Xtreme Alternative Defense Systems though both systems suffer from extremely limited range. Some weapons of this type are already in testing for deployment as battlefield anti-missile weapons or riot control devices, and research and development is increasing.

One reason that many directed-energy weapons are currently fictional is due to the likely energy requirements. Existing methods of storing, conducting, transforming and directing energy are inadequate to produce a convenient hand-held weapon. Existing energy weapons, such as lasers, need much energy, and also need much cooling equipment because they are relatively inefficient and waste much energy as heat. The speculated weapons might need to fire so much energy to get in reality the effects described in fiction, that their energy storage and conversion systems would need to be almost 100% efficient.

This problem is offset in chemical lasers by using energy released in a suitable chemical reaction instead of electrical energy. Chemical oxygen iodine laser and deuterium fluoride laser are two examples of laser types capable of megawatt-range output of a continious beam. The energy is provided in the first case by reaction of hydrogen peroxide with chlorine, in the second case by reaction of atomic fluorine with deuterium.

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Electrolaser

An electrolaser lets blooming occur, and then sends a powerful electric shock down the conducting ionized track of plasma so formed, somewhat like lightning. It functions as a giant ultra-high energy long-distance version of the Taser or Stun gun.

Alternating current is sent through a series of step-up transformers, increasing the voltage and decreasing the amperage. The final voltage may be between 108 and 109 volts. This current is fed into the laser beam. To complete the electric circuit, there should be either a second laser beam, or a ground return from the target to the last transformer in the step-up series. The target receives a gigavolt electric shock. Anybody hit by this electric arc is electrocuted. Any electric or electronic devices in the target may be seriously damaged, disabled or destroyed.

For an electrolaser to work, there must be air or some other gas between the gun and the target. The only defenses against electron particle beam weapons are magnetic fields, electrical insulators, capacitors, electrostatic fields, and Faraday cages.

Electrolasers often occur in science fiction and videogames.

* In 1985 the U.S. Navy tested an electrolaser. Its targets were missiles and aircraft. This device was known as the Phoenix project within the Stategic Defense Initiative research program. It was first proved by experiment at long range in 1985.

* Xtreme Alternative Defense Systems in Anderson, Indiana is developing a rifle-sized electrolaser for the U.S. Marines. It will incapacitate men and pre-detonate improvised explosives. [1]

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Microwave lasers

Microwave lasers are called masers. Microwave guns powerful enough to injure humans are possible.

* Active Denial System is a microwave laser, to heat the water in the target's skin and thus cause incapacitating pain. Being developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory in New Mexico by researchers working with Raytheon for riot-control duty in Iraq. While intended to cause severe pain while leaving no lasting damage, there has yet to be testing for long-term side effects of exposure to the microwave beam. It can destroy electronics.

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Low-powered lasers

There is an imitation shotgun which fires a low-powered laser beam at a target which is covered with reflective 90° corners designed to send the beam back where it came from to be detected by a detector on the gun. This is only for target practice without using up ammunition; it has the disadvantage (for a shotgun user) that the beam travels instantaneously and straight without teaching the shooter to allow for the effects of wind deflecting the fired shot and the target moving while the shot travels.

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THEL

THEL is a real high-energy laser system that can shoot down missiles. It is a deuterium fluoride laser.

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Airborne Laser

The U.S. Air Force's Airborne Laser, or Airborne tactical laser, is a plan to mount a CO2 gas laser or COIL chemical laser on a modified Boeing 747 and use it to shoot down missiles. [2]

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Ultraviolet laser

HSV Technologies of San Diego is developing a laser weapon to paralyze animals (testing for later use on humans) by an electric charge generated by the laser beam. It is described as an ultraviolet laser and not an electrolaser.

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Tactical considerations

Lasers have two advantages:

* They can hit whatever they see, at the speed of light.

* Some lasers run on electricity, which can be cheaply generated, reducing the need for expensive ammunition.

Since lasers can defeat artillery and missile attacks, any group fielding an effective laser system will gain decisive advantages in ground, air and space combat. Under radar control, lasers have shot artillery shells in flight, including mortar rounds. This suggests that a primary application of lasers should be as part of a defensive system. Before a projectile can hit a target, it must become visible to the target.

The main difficulty with currently practical lasers is the high expense and fragility of their mirrors and mirror-pointing systems.

Some believe that mirrors or other countermeasures can reduce the effectiveness of high energy lasers. This has not been demonstrated. Small defects in mirrors absorb energy, and the defects rapidly expand across the surface. Protective mirroring on the outside of a target is liable to damage and getting dirty, much more than a mirror shut away inside a laser's mechanism.

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Electric beam in a vacuum

In a vacuum (e.g. in space), an electric discharge can travel a potentially unlimited distance at a velocity slightly slower than the speed of light. This is because there is no significant electric resistance to the flow of electric current in a vacuum. This would make such devices useful to fry the electrical and electronic parts of satellites and spacecraft. However, in a vacuum the electric current cannot ride a laser beam, and some other means must be used to keep the electron beam on track and to prevent it from dispersing: see particle beam.

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Particle beam weapons

Particle beam weapons include charged and neutral, endoatmospheric and exoatmospheric. Particle beams as beam weapons are theoretically possible, but practical weapons have not been demonstrated. Certain types of particle beams have the advantage of being self-focusing in the atmosphere.

Blooming is not limited to lasers, but is also a problem in particle beam weapons. Energy that would otherwise be focused on the target spreads out; the beam becomes less effective.

* Thermal blooming occurs in both charged and neutral particle beams, and occurs when particles bump into one another under the effects of thermal vibration, or bump into air molecules. It is likely that a particle beam (except electrolasers) fired into air will make merely a short hot flame like a blowtorch.

* Electrical blooming occurs only in charged particle beams, as ions of like charge repel one another.

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Plasma weapons

Plasma weapons fire a beam or bolt of plasma, which is excited matter consisting of electrons and also protons or nuclei. Examples are:

* The MARAUDER (Magnetically Accelerated Ring to Achieve Ultra-high Directed Energy and Radiation). See this link for more details; the antiaircraft potential of such a system is mentioned.

* This article explains theories about ball lightning, which may be a type of plasma, which if weaponized could produce beam weapons guided in the same sense as an ATGM

The plasma rifle is a staple of science fiction. There may have been influence from the real plasma torch used to cut metal.

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Pulse rifle

The pulse rifle is a fictional weapon occasionally used in science fiction. In some of its occurrences, (e.g. Aliens) it is a projectile weapon. The rifle in Aliens was said to use caseless ammunition, which is a current-generation technology used in actual weapons such as the Heckler & Koch G11 rifle. Caseless ammunition propels a bullet down a rifled barrel as a result of the combustion of gunpowder, just as regular cased ammunition does. Thus, this iteration of the "pulse rifle" is not a directed-energy weapon. In some of its incarnations (e.g. the Lost in Space movie) the "pulse rifle" is a directed-energy weapon. Its mode of operation has not been conclusively and consistently explained.

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Sonic and ultrasonic beam weapons

See Sonic weaponry.

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Rayguns: directed-energy weapons in fiction

See Raygun.

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History

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Mythology

Before modern technology developed, many mythologies described gods or demons using weapons that make lightning, such as Jupiter's and Zeus's thunderbolt, Thor's hammer Mjolnir, and the Hindu god Indra's spear (the vajra¯).

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Ancient inventors

According to mythology, the concept of the "burning mirror" or death ray began with Archimedes who created such a mirror with an adjustable focal length to track and set fire to the Roman fleet as it invaded Syracuse. Historians, however, acknowledge that the earliest accounts of the battle did not mention a "burning mirror" and that only Archimedes' ingenuity combined with a way to hurl fire were relevant to the victory. A Byzantine writer hundreds of years later is suggested to have imagined this 2200-year-old death ray, which is attributed to Archimedes. While the MythBusters television program was unsuccessful as creating this "death ray", others have since successfully built other versions. An experiment by students at MIT showed that a mirror-based weapon was at least possible, though the practicality of such a weapon was not established.[3]

A Greek called Diocles supposedly invented the parabolic mirror.

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Grindell-Matthews

After the astonishing technological advancement during World War I, many such schemes began to appear credible. Harry Grindell-Matthews tried to sell such a ray to the British Air Ministry after that war. He failed to appear to demonstrate his apparatus, however. It was apparently taken to France but has not resurfaced, leading to various conspiracy theory ideas about what might have happened to it, or who might have developed it later. Radar may be a by-product of this research.

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Tesla

Nikola Tesla generated the first large scale artificial electric lightning discharges during the 1890s. He invented Tesla coils, transformers, and alternating electric current generators. He was an early pioneer of electronic radio and television technology.

He worked on a real Death ray in the early 1900's. He designed it in 1942, and offered the US War Department the secrets of his "teleforce" weapon on January 5, 1943, but was assumed to be crazy. Tesla then offered his device to several European countries.

Records which recently turned up in Russia showed that his proposed "death ray" was based on a narrow stream of atomic clusters of liquid mercury or tungsten accelerated by high voltage, probably produced by a huge Tesla Coil. If so, this weapon can be classed as a particle beam or as an electromagnetic-powered projectile gun, depending on the size of the projectiles.

When he died in 1943, a prototype compact version of the "death ray" called an "Anti-Tank gun" was in a trunk in the basement of his hotel. Immediately after he died, a Russian spy raided the room and the safe containing the schematics of the "death ray". The FBI never found any of the important parts of the schematics nor the trunk with the prototype, as far as we know. Schematics of the projector nozzle have surfaced, though.

The U. S. Government classified his electron particle beam weapon design as secret until the 1980s. One of Nicola Tesla's favorite things to do was to watch the natural lightning produced by thunderstorms from his high rise apartment building in New York.

See the document Ventura, Timothy, "Tesla Death Ray Reconstruction", 1994. It is in PDF format. It theorizes that Tesla's weapon fired a powerful beam of a special sort of electromagnetic radiation which caused the target to pick up a high electric charge, which then attracted destructive lightning-type electric arcs from the area around. The document is purely hypothetical with no experimentation.

Tesla theorized on the use of UV light to ionize a plasma path through the air to a target for his electron particle beam weapon. However, UV lasers were not invented until the 1960s.

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Nazis

In the later phases of WWII, Nazi Germany put its hopes on research for technologically revolutionary secret weapons. Through the 1930s the atomic bomb and radiological weapon were proposed, and the related, more selective, surgical idea of a death ray was probably more appealing than wanton and horrific destruction by such means. This belief intensified in and after 1945 after Hiroshima and Nagasaki proved the undesirable physical and political fallout of such weapons of mass destruction.

This Nazi research included searching in India in the hope that some of the powerful weapons and flying craft described in the Mahabharata were the real products of a supposed ancient technologization, rather than mythology based on lightning and other destructive natural forces.

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Star Wars

In the 1980s, Ronald Reagan revived the idea as a matter for public funding with his Strategic Defense Initiative program, which was immediately nicknamed "Star Wars", due to its objective to put weapons in space. Lasers could destroy ICBMs in flight. The program had limited success but there were numerous attempts to find practical death ray technologies. It is not clear whether this was part of a general plan to facilitate the collapse of the Soviet Union by misdirecting the Soviets into investing in research that had no practical outputs (this was a common Cold War strategy on both sides).

Enthusiasm for these ideas, and the arms race they implied, waned in the 1990s. By this point, science fiction was more interested in the very real potential of personal-scale biological warfare, chemical warfare, robots, artificial intelligence and nanotechnology to kill selected individuals - without necessarily having to come directly into their sights to do so. The Project for the New American Century, for instance, noted that genetically-selective plagues might become a politically useful tool.

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THEL

Research proceeded, however, and by 2003, this led to the Tactical High Energy Laser project, a joint research project of Israel and the US, has demonstrated a weaponized laser which can shoot down aircraft and missiles.

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Energy devices which may be confused with directed-energy weapons

The term electroshock gun includes two sorts of weapons, but neither of these is a directed-energy weapon, despite its name:-

* Electric shock prod: it administers an electric shock on contact. It is not strictly a gun, as it does not cause any effect at a distance.

* Guns which fire an electrified projectile.

The real thermic lance is not a gun. Occasionally science fiction authors misuse the name "thermic lance" to mean a raygun.

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External links

* Wired News (AP) article on weapons deployment in Iraq, Active Denial System and Stunstrike, July 10, 2005

* ^ Wired News article "Weapons Freeze, Microwave Enemies" (and copied in at least 661 other web pages including this link)

* ^  Google cache of "Archimedes Death Ray: Idea Feasibility Testing"

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon"

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Energy weapon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Jump to: navigation, search

Many types of real and fictional weapons which emit energy, rather than a physical projectile, fire it in one direction, and so can be classed as guns: see Directed-energy weapon for a full description of them.

Among omni-directional energy weapons are:-

* Explosives, e.g. grenades, bombs.

* Reportedly, electromagnetic bombs which deliver a wide-area electromagnetic pulse are in production by various militaries.

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Patents

* U.S. Patent 8843 - Electric whaling apparatus - Albert Sonnenburg and Philipp Rechten

* U.S. Patent 2805067 - Electric weapon - Thomas D. Ryan

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