Descriptors: *CLOUDS, *BARIUM, *IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES, IONS, ELECTRON DENSITY, POWER SPECTRA, VARIATIONS, ELECTRON ENERGY, MASS SPECTROMETERS, LANGMUIR PROBES, F REGION, STRATIFICATION, PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS.
Identifiers: *Barium clouds, PE62710H, PE62715H, WU0950
Abstract: On 12 December 1980, a 48 kg barium payload was launched from the A- 15 site of the Eglin/Santa Rosa Island Test Range. The barium was released in the F sub 1-region of the ionosphere at an altitude of 182.7 km. Approximately 32 minutes later a second rocket was launched, carrying plasma diagnostics complement which included a pair of pulsed-plasma-probes and an ion mass spectrometer for direct measurements of electron density Ne, temperature Te, density fluctuations sigma Ne, associated density fluctuation power spectra Pn(k), and ion composition Mi. The barium release and all associated measurements have been designated by code name JAN. This report presents quick- look field analyses of pulsed-plasma-probe data. A brief description is given on the probe instrumentation, vehicle/payload performance, and 'in situ' observations of barium cloud plasma densities and structure.
       
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AD Number: ADA121087
Subject Categories: METEOROLOGY NUMERICAL MATHEMATICS
Corporate Author: NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
Title: Numerical Simulation of a Possible Freezing and Sheet Formation Mechanism for Barium Cloud Striations.
Descriptive Note: Memorandum rept.,
Personal Authors: Zalesak,S. T. ;Fedder,J. A. ;Ossakow,S. L. ;
Report Date: 25 OCT 1982
Pages: 36 PAGES
Report Number: NRL-MR-4919
Contract Number: MIPR-82-504
Project Number: S99QAXH TASKNUMBER: C00
Descriptors: *COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION, *CLOUDS, *NUMERICAL ANALYSIS, *BARIUM, IONOSPHERE, PLASMAS(PHYSICS), FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, ELECTRONS, DRIFT, FREEZING, CLOUD PHYSICS, GRADIENTS.
Identifiers: Numerical simulation, Barium clouds, Plasma clouds, Electron clouds, WU32, PE62715H, WU0889
Abstract: Presented is a possible mechanism for the freezing, or apparent freezing of barium cloud striations and for the formation of long thin sheets of barium on the leading edge of the cloud. The essence of the model is that the finite Pedersen mobility of the barium ions allows them to separate from the electron cloud. The barium is replaced in the electron cloud by the ions constituting the ambient ionosphere, which are compressed up to the required densities by their own Pedersen mobility. In the process of existing the electron cloud, the barium is expanded and hence attains a density lower than when it coexisted with the electron cloud. For many ionospheric parameters the barium will have in effect left the region of further structuring, which will still be proceeding the electron cloud. As the barium leaves the cloud, it forms a long thin sheet of lower density barium, one side of which is considerably steeper than the other, which extends from the leading (nonstructuring) edge of the cloud. An observer watching only the barium would conclude that the cloud had frozen. Further, the electron cloud itself may decay if the ions coexisting with it are subject to a fast recombination chemistry.
Limitation Code: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Source Code: 251950

AD Number: ADA113138
Subject Categories: ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND SPECTROSCOPY
Corporate Author: AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LAB HANSCOM AFB MA
Title: Composition and Structure Measurements in an Ionospheric Barium Cloud.
Descriptive Note: Final rept.,
Personal Authors: Narcisi,R. ;Trzcinski,E. ;Federico,G. ;Wlodyka,L. ;Bench,P. ;
Report Date: 23 DEC 1981
Pages: 31 PAGES
Report Number: AFGL-TR-82-0003, AFGL-ERP-760
Project Number: 2310, I25AAXH TASKNUMBER: G3, X000
Descriptors: *IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES, *MEASUREMENT, *CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, *MASS SPECTROSCOPY, BARIUM, IONS, ELECTRON DENSITY, CLOUDS, E REGION, ION DENSITY, PEAK VALUES, PROBES, PULSES, PLASMAS(PHYSICS), WATER VAPOR
Identifiers: PE62710H, WUAFGL2310G310, PE61102F, WU14
Abstract: A 48 kg barium payload was launched from Eglin Air Force Base, Florida on 12 December 1980 at 2311 GMT and detonated at 183.7 km. At 2342:50.25 GMT, a second rocket, instrumented with an ion mass spectrometer and pulsed plasma probes, was fired to traverse the barium cloud. Composition, ion density, and structure measurements were acquired up to 241.2 km in both the natural and disturbed ionosphere. The rocket penetrated the barium cloud between 147 and 184 km. In addition to the Ba+, Ba++ produced by H Lyman alpha ionization, and Ca+, an impurity in the barium were detected in the cloud. A peak barium ion concentration of about 6,000,000 ions cu cm was measured at 161 km where the ionospheric NO+ and O2+ ions were essentially eliminated by large recombination loss. The bottom side of the barium cloud had a relatively smooth structure while the top side showed significant density fluctuations. The first experimental evidence of a theoretically predicted E region 'image cloud' was found in the form of an enhanced NO+ layer just below the barium cloud. Unexplained wave-like density variations in O+, NO+, and O2(+) also were seen above the barium cloud to 195 km. A quantitative estimate of the outgassing water vapor concentrations near the payload's surface was made using the fast change transfer rate coefficient for O+ + H2O yields H2O+ + O that created the observed water vapor ions.
Limitation Code: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Source Code: 409578

Number: ADA072167
Subject Categories: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
Corporate Author: MISSION RESEARCH CORP SANTA BARBARA CALIF
Title: Radio Communication Utilizing the Base of a Striated Barium Plasma.
Descriptive Note: Topical rept. Apr-Jul 78,
Personal Authors: Fulks,G. J. ;Scott,L. D. ;Sowle,D. H. ;Wortman,W. R. ;
Report Date: JUL 1978
Pages: 43 PAGES
Report Number: MRC-R-401-R
Contract Number: DNA001-78-C-0237
Project Number: S99QAXH TASKNUMBER: B053
Monitor Acronym: DNA,SBI
Monitor Series: 4670T,AD-E300 465
Descriptors: *RADIO TRANSMISSION, *STRIATIONS, NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, HIGH FREQUENCY, PLASMAS(PHYSICS), REFLECTION, NUCLEAR EXPLOSION SIMULATION, CROSS SECTIONS, HIGH ALTITUDE, NUCLEAR CLOUDS, COMMUNICATION AND RADIO SYSTEMS, RADIO SIGNALS, BARIUM, BOTTOM, RADIO RECEPTION.
Identifiers: Avefria operations, Barium clouds, Cloud bases, Base reflection, PE62704H, WU09
Abstract: In conjunction with the DNA barium releases, Avefria I and II, an experiment was undertaken to determine if radio communication was possible off the base of a striated plasma created by these barium releases. A transmitting station was set up to broadcast a steady signal at two HF frequencies toward the base of the barium striations and two receiving stations listened for signal returns on the two frequencies. (The chosen geometry prevented reflections off the sides of the barium cloud from affecting the experiment). One station heard substantial returns while the other heard nothing. Data from the first station provide an estimate of the reflection cross sections for the base of the striated barium cloud. The negative result from the second station arises partly from limited sensitivity of equipment but the upper limit on cross section was less than that seen from the first station. This suggests a directional character for the signal reflected from the base of the cloud.
Limitation Code: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Source Code: 406548

AD Number: ADA143592
Subject Categories: ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS
Corporate Author: NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
Title: Finite Temperature Effects on the Evolution of Ionospheric Barium Clouds in the Presence of a Conducting Background Ionosphere.
Descriptive Note: Memorandum rept. Oct 83-Oct 84,
Personal Authors: Zalesak,S. T. ;Chaturvedi,P. K. ;Ossakow,S. L. ;Fedder,J. A. ;
Report Date: 24 JUL 1984
Pages: 54 PAGES
Report Number: NRL-MR-5346
Descriptors: *IONOSPHERIC MODIFICATION, CLOUDS, F REGION, BARIUM COMPOUNDS, ION SOURCES, PLASMA SHEATHS.
Identifiers: Barium clouds, PE62715H
Abstract: We show that under realistic ionospheric conditions, barium ion clouds hundreds of meters in diameter can be long-lived, quasi-stable, nonbifurcating structures. These structures may resemble 'tadpoles,' with a dense head, steep density gradients at the front, and a long, less dense tail. We assume that these structures are the final products of the recursive bifurcation of a considerably larger barium ion cloud, i.e., striations. The realistic ionospheric conditions to which we refer consist of a barium ion cloud with ion temperatures Ti of approximately 1000 K, coupled electrically to a background ionosphere of lower compressibility than itself, i.e., and F region. We show analytically that this combination of finite Ti and relatively incompressible background results in an effective diffusion of barium plasma, but more importantly, of total magnetic-field-line-integrated Pedersen conductivity. The diffusion coefficient has a special form which allows the inner portions of the cloud to diffuse slowly, giving the cloud a long lifetime, and allows the outer, less dense portions of the cloud to diffuse rapidly, preventing cloud bifurcation. Numerical simulations of the full nonlinear dynamics are then used to show that this diffusion does in fact give rise to quasi-stable barium striations hundreds of meters in diameter. These findings are consistent with the linear analysis of Francis and Perkins (1975). (Author)
Limitation Code: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Source Code: 251950

AD Number: ADA143592
Subject Categories: ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS
Corporate Author: NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
Title: Finite Temperature Effects on the Evolution of Ionospheric Barium Clouds in the Presence of a Conducting Background Ionosphere.
Descriptive Note: Memorandum rept. Oct 83-Oct 84,
Personal Authors: Zalesak,S. T. ;Chaturvedi,P. K. ;Ossakow,S. L. ;Fedder,J. A. ;
Report Date: 24 JUL 1984
Pages: 54 PAGES
Report Number: NRL-MR-5346
Descriptors: *IONOSPHERIC MODIFICATION, CLOUDS, F REGION, BARIUM COMPOUNDS, ION SOURCES, PLASMA SHEATHS.
Identifiers: Barium clouds, PE62715H
Abstract: We show that under realistic ionospheric conditions, barium ion clouds hundreds of meters in diameter can be long-lived, quasi-stable, nonbifurcating structures. These structures may resemble 'tadpoles,' with a dense head, steep density gradients at the front, and a long, less dense tail. We assume that these structures are the final products of the recursive bifurcation of a considerably larger barium ion cloud, i.e., striations. The realistic ionospheric conditions to which we refer consist of a barium ion cloud with ion temperatures Ti of approximately 1000 K, coupled electrically to a background ionosphere of lower compressibility than itself, i.e., and F region. We show analytically that this combination of finite Ti and relatively incompressible background results in an effective diffusion of barium plasma, but more importantly, of total magnetic-field-line-integrated Pedersen conductivity. The diffusion coefficient has a special form which allows the inner portions of the cloud to diffuse slowly, giving the cloud a long lifetime, and allows the outer, less dense portions of the cloud to diffuse rapidly, preventing cloud bifurcation. Numerical simulations of the full nonlinear dynamics are then used to show that this diffusion does in fact give rise to quasi-stable barium striations hundreds of meters in diameter. These findings are consistent with the linear analysis of Francis and Perkins (1975). (Author)
Limitation Code: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Source Code: 251950

AD Number: ADD255222
Subject Categories: CERAMICS, REFRACTORIES AND GLASS
Corporate Author: SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO LTD OSAKA (JAPAN)*
Title: Preparation of Stoichiometric Fine Lead Barium Titanate Powder.
Descriptive Note: Journal article,
Personal Authors: Saegusa, Kunio; Rhine, Wendell E.; Bowen, H. Kent
Report Date: 93
Pages: 10 PAGES
Limitations: J. Am. Ceram. Soc.; 76 (6), 1495-1504, 1993. American Ceramic Society: Westerville, Ohio ( NOT AVAILABLE FROM DTIC )
Abstract: Lead barium titanate powder with 0.03-0.15 micron particle sizes was prepared from lead barium titanyl oxalate which was previously prepared by reacting high-purity ammonium titanyl oxalate with barium and lead acetate. The critical factor in preparing the barium titanyl oxalate was the reaction time. It was necessary to allow 2-4 h to synthesize the oxalate to get a single-phase barium titanate. The critical factors in preparing the lead titanyl oxalate were pH and the concentration of the solution. It was necessary to adjust the pH to around 0.5 and the concentration to < 0.08 M. When lead barium titanyl oxalate is prepared, low pH, low concentration, and a long reaction time are necessary.
Limitation Code: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE JOURNAL ARTICLES; ANNOUNCMENT ONLY
Source Code: 392551
IAC Document Number: ce-005517

AD Number: ADA081552
Subject Categories: RADIOFREQUENCY WAVE PROPAGATION NON-RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
Corporate Author: MISSION RESEARCH CORP SANTA BARBARA CA
Title: Predictions of GPS X-Set Performance during the Places Experiment.
Descriptive Note: Topical rept. Jul 78-Jun 79,
Personal Authors: Kneepp,D. L. ;Bogusch,R. L. ;
Report Date: 01 JUL 1979
Pages: 123 PAGES
Report Number: MRC-R-514
Contract Number: DNA001-78-C-0364
Project Number: I25AAXH TASKNUMBER: X642
Monitor Acronym: DNA,SBI
Monitor Series: 5038T,AD-E300 664
Descriptors: *NUCLEAR EXPLOSION SIMULATION, *GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM, POWER SPECTRA, MATHEMATICAL PREDICTION, RECEIVERS, NAVIGATION SATELLITES, BARIUM, FOURIER ANALYSIS, VERY HIGH FREQUENCY, CARRIER FREQUENCIES, STRIATIONS, SCINTILLATION, AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY CONTROL.
Identifiers: PLACES(Position Location and Communication Effects Simulation), Barium clouds, NAVSTAR global positioning system, Ester event, Fern event, Signal propagation, STRESS program, Costas phase tracking, PE62710H, WU02
Abstract: Preexperimental predictions of GPS X-set receiver performance during the PLACES barium release experiment are presented for carrier frequencies from 150 to 250 MHz. Detailed examples of the X-set phase, frequency and code tracking performance are shown. For mean carrier power-to-noise density ratios of 35 db-Hz and less, erroneous Doppler aiding from the AFC/Costas loop can cause degradations to the otherwise adequate code tracking loop. All receiver performance results presented are obtained using numerical multiple phase screen calculations of frequency-selective signal propagation through simulated barium clouds. These calculations are based upon a statistical model of a striated barium cloud developed from Fourier analysis of back propagation data taken during the STRESS barium release series. This model includes representation of the important barium striation parameters derived from measured power spectral density (PSD) properties including phase standard deviation, spectral index, and outer scale.
Limitation Code: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Source Code: 406548


AD Number: ADA110051
Subject Categories: ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS RADIOFREQUENCY WAVE PROPAGATION
Corporate Author: AIR FORCE WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABS WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH
Title: Barium Cloud Test in Peru.
Descriptive Note: Interim rept. Mar-Apr 79,
Personal Authors: Johnson,Allen L. ;Swanson,Roger L. ;
Report Date: NOV 1981
Pages: 24 PAGES
Report Number: AFWAL-TR-81-1178
Project Number: 1227 TASKNUMBER: 03
Supplementary Note: Original contains color plates: All DTIC and NTIS reproductions will be in black and white.
Descriptors: *IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION, *RADIO INTERFERENCE, LINE OF SIGHT, EQUATORIAL REGIONS, CLOUDS, AIRBORNE, BUBBLES, F REGION, DOWNLINKS, BARIUM, COMMUNICATION SATELLITE TERMINALS, AIRGLOW, ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY, SOUNDING ROCKETS, ION DENSITY, PHASE SHIFT.
Identifiers: Barium clouds, CASTOR project, LES-8 satellite, LES-9 satellite, PE63431F, WUAFWAL12270313
Abstract: In an effort to investigate the mechanism causing ionospheric irregularities to form in the equatorial region an experiment was designed by the Max Planck Institute involving the release of two barium clouds in the F region just after sunset. The electric field resulting from the two barium clouds was expected to trigger an ionospheric irregularity which would propagate up through the ionosphere as a depletion bubble. This report describes an attempt to observe the ionospheric irregularity as it passed through the line- of-sight between an aircraft and a communication satellite. The aircraft was equipped with a UHF receiver which measured phase and amplitude of the downlink Satellite Signal. Due to the release of the barium 50 km below the planned altitude no significant ionospheric irregularities were formed. The aircraft measured minor amplitude variation (1dB) and no significant phase variations resulting from ionospheric irregularities triggered by the barium release. (Author)
Limitation Code: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Source Code: 392662

Source of this infomation stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/fulcrum_main.pl




Los Angeles, California, USA
430 posts, Aug 2003 posted 08-19-2003 09:33 AM               
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The other pertinent thing I noticed was in March and April we had lots of rain here sometimes with accompanying hail. It would get inexplicably cold in the air for the time of year (at mid-day) with strange looking clouds present that would change quickly in ways that I would not expect of them. Probably the barium influence, but I don't think it was the barium alone.

I have said before I think we are a test bed here in the NW USA for the latest weather mod techniques.

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Title: The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) program: A unique series of scientific experiments

Authors: REASONER, DAVID L. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL.); MCCOOK, MORGAN W. ; VAUGHAN, WILLIAM W. (Alabama Univ., Huntsville.)

Published: 1990

Corporate Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL.

NASA Subject Category: GEOPHYSICS

Major Subject Terms: ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES, CHEMICAL EFFECTS, EARTH IONOSPHERE, EARTH MAGNETOSPHERE, EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION, RADIATION EFFECTS

Minor Subject Terms: DEFENSE PROGRAM, ELECTRIC FIELDS, MAGNETIC FIELDS, NASA PROGRAMS, RELEASING, ROCKET SOUNDING

Abstract:

The Defense Department and NASA have joined in a program to study the space environment which surrounds the earth and the effects of space radiation on modern satellite electronic systems. The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) will carry an array of active experiments including chemical releases and a complement of sophisticated scientific instruments to accomplish these objectives. Other chemical release active experiments will be performed with sub-orbital rocket probes. The chemical releases will 'paint' the magnetic and electric fields of earthspace with clouds of glowing ions. Earthspace will be a laboratory, and the releases will be studied with an extensive network of ground-, aircraft-, and satellite-based diagnostic instruments. Some of the topics discussed include the following: the effects of earthspace; the need for active experiments; types of chemical releases; the CRRES program schedule; international support and coordinated studies; photographing chemical releases; information on locating chemical releases for observation by the amateur; and CRRES as a program. Author

CASI Accession Number: 91N22629 Pages: 00028

Report Number: NASA-TM-103380, NAS 1.15:103380

Contract Number: NAS8-36955

Title: Environmental analysis of the chemical release module

Authors: HEPPNER, J. P.; DUBIN, M.

Affiliation: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.

Journal: Environmental analysis of the chemical release module

Publication Date: 11/1980

Category: Solar Physics

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS, CHEMICAL CLOUDS, ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS, SPACE SHUTTLE PAYLOADS, ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES, BARIUM, IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION, LITHIUM, RELEASING, SPACE OBSERVATIONS (FROM EARTH), TOXICITY AND SAFETY HAZARD, UPPER ATMOSPHERE

Bibliographic Code: 1980N81-13912.....H

Abstract:

The environmental analysis of the Chemical Release Module (a free flying spacecraft deployed from the space shuttle to perform chemical release experiments) is reviewed. Considerations of possible effects of the injectants on human health, ionosphere, weather, ground based optical astronomical observations, and satellite operations are included. It is concluded that no deleterious environmental effects of widespread or long lasting nature are anticipated from chemical releases in the upper atmosphere of the type indicated for the program.


Title: Theory, Image Simulation, and Data Analysis of Chemical Release Experiments

Authors: WESCOTT, EUGENE M.

Affiliation: Alaska Univ., Fairbanks.

Journal: Final Report, 1 Feb. 1990 - 31 Jan. 1994 Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Geophysical Inst.

Publication Date: 04/1994

Category: Space Radiation

Origin: STI

NASA/STI Keywords: CHEMICAL CLOUDS, EARTH IONOSPHERE, EARTH MAGNETOSPHERE, IONIZATION CROSS SECTIONS, IONOSPHERIC SOUNDING, PLASMA CLOUDS, UPPER ATMOSPHERE, AURORAS, BARIUM, CALCIUM, ELECTRIC FIELDS, IMAGING TECHNIQUES, POLAR REGIONS, ROCKET SOUNDING, STRONTIUM

Bibliographic Code: 1994N94-31101.....W

Abstract:

Not Available

Get the picture its pretty Obvious.